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Grunlan Research Group

Advancing Medicine through Innovative Biomaterials

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Self-cleaning Membranes for Glucose Biosensors

The Problem

An implantable glucose biosensor that would continuously monitor blood sugar levels would revolutionize diabetes management. A major obstacle to realizing this technology is “biofouling” of the biosensor surface – adsorption of proteins and cells (part of the foreign body response) which quickly blocks glucose diffusion leading to sensor failure.

What we are doing

The goal of our research is to develop a “self-cleaning membrane” using thermoresponsive hydrogels designed to periodically “clean off” proteins and cells in order to restore glucose diffusion and extend biosensor lifetime.

Publications on this research

A self-cleaning, mechanically robust membrane for minimizing the foreign body reaction: towards extending the lifetime of sub-Q glucose biosensors

Means, A.K.; Dong, P.; Clubb, Jr, F.J.; Friedemann, M.C.; Colvin, L.E.; Shrode, C.A.; Coté, G.L; Grunlan, M.A. “A self-cleaning, mechanically robust membrane for minimizing the foreign body reaction: towards extending the lifetime of sub-Q glucose biosensors,” J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med. 2019, 30, 79.

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A layer-by-layer (LbL) approach to retain an optical glucose sensing assay within the cavity of a hydrogel membrane

Locke, A.K.; Means, A.K.; Dong, P.; Nichols, T.J.; Coté, G.L.; Grunlan, M.A. “A layer-by-layer (LbL) approach to retain an optical glucose sensing assay within the cavity of a hydrogel membrane,” ACS Applied Bio Mater., 2018, 1, 1319-1327.

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Foreign body reaction to a subcutaneously implanted self-cleaning, thermoresponsive hydrogel membrane for implanted glucose biosensors

Abraham, A.A.; Means, A.K.; Clubb, Jr, F.J.; Fei, R.; Locke, A.K.; Gacasan, E.G.; Coté, G.L; Grunlan, M.A. “Foreign body reaction to a subcutaneously implanted self-cleaning, thermoresponsive hydrogel membrane for implanted glucose biosensors,” ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng., 2018, 4, 4104-4111.

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Thermoresponsive double network hydrogels with exceptional mechanical properties

Means, A.K.; Ehrhardt, D.A.; Whitney, L.V.; Grunlan, M.A. “Thermoresponsive double network hydrogels with exceptional mechanical properties,” Macromol. Rapid Comm., 2017, 38, 1700351-1700357.

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Self-cleaning, thermoresponsive P(NIPAAm-co-AMPS) double network membranes for implanted glucose biosensors

Fei, R., Means, A.K., Abraham, A.A.; Locked, A.K.; Coté; G.L.; Grunlan, M.A.. “Self-cleaning, thermoresponsive P(NIPAAm-co-AMPS) double network membranes for implanted glucose biosensors,” Macromol. Mater. Eng., 2016, 301, 935-943.

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Thermoresponsive double network micropillared hydrogels for cell release

Fei, R.; Hou, H.; Munoz-Pinto, D.; Han, A.; Hahn, M.S.; Grunlan, M.A. “Thermoresponsive double network micropillared hydrogels for cell release,” Macromol. Biosci.; 2014, 14, 1346-1352.

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A self-cleaning membrane to extend the lifetime of an implanted glucose biosensor

Abraham, A.A.; Fei, R.; Coté, G.L.; Grunlan, M.A. “A self-cleaning membrane to extend the lifetime of an implanted glucose biosensor,” ACS Appl. Mater. & Interfaces, 2013, 5, 12832-12838.

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Ultra strong thermoresponsive hydrogels

Fei, R.; George, J.T.; Means, A.K.; Grunlan, M.A. “Ultra strong thermoresponsive hydrogels,” Soft Matter. 2013, 9, 2912-2919.

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Thermoresponsive nanocomposite double network nanocomposite hydrogels

Fei, R.; George, J.T.; Park, J., Grunlan, M.A. “Thermoresponsive nanocomposite double network nanocomposite hydrogels,” Soft Matter 2012, 8, 481-487.

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Thermoresponsive nanocomposite hydrogels: Transparency, rapid deswelling and cell release

Hou, Y.; Fei, R.; Burkes, J.C.; Lee, S.D., Munoz-Pinto, D.; Hahn, M.S.; Grunlan, M.A. “Thermoresponsive nanocomposite hydrogels: Transparency, rapid deswelling and cell release,” J. Biomat. Tissue Eng. 2011, 1, 93-100.

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